SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Civil engineering</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil engineering</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

</p>

<p><b>Civil engineering</b> is a <a href="Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">professional engineering</a> discipline that deals with the <a href="Design" title="Design">design</a>, <a href="Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, and <a href="Maintenance" title="Maintenance">maintenance</a> of the physical and naturally <a href="Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>, including <a href="Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, <a href="Sewage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage system">sewage systems</a>, pipelines, <a href="Structural_element" title="Structural element">structural components</a> of buildings, and railways.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after <a href="Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">military engineering</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CSCE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil engineering can take place in the public sector from municipal <a href="Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> departments through to federal government agencies, and in the private sector from locally based firms to <a href="Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500"><i>Fortune</i> Global 500</a> companies.<sup id="cite_ref-sector_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sector-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_engineering_as_a_discipline">Civil engineering as a discipline</h3></div>

<p>Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles for solving the problems of society, and its history is intricately linked to advances in the understanding of <a href="Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> throughout history. Because civil engineering is a broad profession, including several specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, <a href="Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="Soil" title="Soil">soils</a>, <a href="Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, <a href="Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a>, <a href="Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a>, <a href="Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, and other fields.<sup id="cite_ref-baveystock_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baveystock-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Throughout ancient and medieval history most <a href="Architectural_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural design">architectural design</a> and construction was carried out by <a href="Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a>, such as <a href="Masonry" title="Masonry">stonemasons</a> and <a href="Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter">carpenters</a>, rising to the role of <a href="Architect" title="Architect">master builder</a>. Knowledge was retained in <a href="Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads, and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.<sup id="cite_ref-Saouma_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saouma-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of <a href="Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> in the 3rd century BC, including <a href="Archimedes'_principle" title="Archimedes' principle">Archimedes' principle</a>, which underpins our understanding of <a href="Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>, and practical solutions such as <a href="Archimedes'_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screw</a>. <a href="Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a>, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_engineering_profession">Civil engineering profession</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">History of structural engineering</a></div><p>

Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practice of civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in <a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, the <a href="Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, and <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a <a href="Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> existence, creating a need for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and <a href="Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">sailing</a>.</p>

<p>Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same occupation, and often used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constructions of <a href="Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a> in Egypt (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2700</span>–2500 BC) constitute some of the first instances of large structure constructions in history. Other ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the <a href="Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a> water management system in modern-day Iran (the oldest is older than 3000 years and longer than 71 kilometres (44 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the <a href="Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> by <a href="Iktinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iktinos">Iktinos</a> in <a href="Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> (447–438 BC), the <a href="Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a> by <a href="Roman_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman engineering">Roman engineers</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 312 BC</span>), the <a href="Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> by General <a href="Meng_Tian" title="Meng Tian">Meng T'ien</a> under orders from Ch'in Emperor <a href="Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Shih Huang Ti</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 220 BC</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Oakes_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the stupas constructed in ancient <a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> like the <a href="Jetavanaramaya" title="Jetavanaramaya">Jetavanaramaya</a> and the extensive irrigation works in <a href="Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>. The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially <a href="Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">aqueducts</a>, <a href="Insulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulae">insulae</a>, harbors, bridges, dams and roads.

</p>

<p>In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1747, the first institution for the teaching of civil engineering, the <a href="%C3%89cole_nationale_des_ponts_et_chauss%C3%A9es" title="École nationale des ponts et chaussées">École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées</a>, was established in France; and more examples followed in other European countries, like Spain (Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first self-proclaimed <a href="Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> was <a href="John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a>, who constructed the <a href="Eddystone_Lighthouse" title="Eddystone Lighthouse">Eddystone Lighthouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oakes_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little more than a social society.

</p>

<p>

In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1820 the eminent engineer <a href="Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a> became its first president. The institution received a <a href="Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">Royal charter</a> in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession. Its charter defined civil engineering as:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man, as the means of production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation and docks for internal intercourse and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-ICE_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICE-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_engineering_education">Civil engineering education</h3></div>

<p>The first private college to teach civil engineering in the United States was <a href="Norwich_University" title="Norwich University">Norwich University</a>, founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first degree in civil engineering in the United States was awarded by <a href="Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a> in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by <a href="Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> to <a href="Nora_Stanton_Blatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nora Stanton Blatch">Nora Stanton Blatch</a> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the UK during the early 19th century, the division between civil engineering and military engineering (served by the <a href="Royal_Military_Academy%2C_Woolwich" title="Royal Military Academy, Woolwich">Royal Military Academy, Woolwich</a>), coupled with the demands of the Industrial Revolution, spawned new engineering education initiatives: the Class of Civil Engineering and Mining was founded at <a href="King's_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> in 1838, mainly as a response to the growth of the railway system and the need for more qualified engineers, the private <a href="College_for_Civil_Engineers" title="College for Civil Engineers">College for Civil Engineers</a> in <a href="Putney" title="Putney">Putney</a> was established in 1839, and the UK's first Chair of Engineering was established at the <a href="University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> in 1840.

</p><p>The curriculum became more standardized in the late 20th century, with a four-year bachelor's degree becoming the norm. Students typically took basic courses across various civil engineering sub-disciplines before specializing in one or more areas at an advanced level. The shift towards sustainability and design thinking also started to gain traction.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></div><p><i>Civil engineers</i> typically possess an <a href="Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a> in civil engineering. The length of study is three to five years, and the completed degree is designated as a <a href="Bachelor_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of technology">bachelor of technology</a>, or a <a href="Bachelor_of_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of engineering">bachelor of engineering</a>. The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, <a href="Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, design and specific topics in civil engineering. After taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move on to specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advanced levels. While an undergraduate degree (BEng/BSc) normally provides successful students with industry-accredited qualifications, some academic institutions offer post-graduate degrees (MEng/MSc), which allow students to further specialize in their particular area of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-CITE_Postgrad_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITE_Postgrad-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practicing_engineers">Practicing engineers</h2></div>

<p>In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards <a href="Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">professional certification</a>, and a <a href="Professional_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional body">professional body</a> certifies the degree program. After completing a certified degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements including work experience and exam requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated as a <a href="Professional_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional engineer">professional engineer</a> (in the United States, Canada and South Africa), a <a href="Chartered_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered engineer">chartered engineer</a> (in most <a href="Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries), a chartered professional engineer (in Australia and <a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>), or a European engineer (in most countries of the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>). There are international agreements between relevant professional bodies to allow engineers to practice across national borders.

</p><p>The benefits of certification vary depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada, "only a licensed <a href="Professional_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional engineer">professional engineer</a> may prepare, sign and seal, and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public authority for approval, or seal engineering work for public and private clients."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This requirement is enforced under provincial law such as the Engineers Act in <a href="Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No such legislation has been enacted in other countries including the United Kingdom. In Australia, state licensing of engineers is limited to the state of <a href="Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>. Almost all certifying bodies maintain a <a href="Code_of_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of ethics">code of ethics</a> which all members must abide by.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Engineers must obey <a href="Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">contract law</a> in their contractual relationships with other parties. In cases where an engineer's work fails, they may be subject to the law of <a href="Negligence" title="Negligence">tort of negligence</a>, and in extreme cases, criminal charges.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An engineer's work must also comply with numerous other rules and regulations such as <a href="Building_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Building codes">building codes</a> and <a href="Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-disciplines">Sub-disciplines</h2></div>

<p>There are a number of sub-disciplines within the broad field of civil engineering. General civil engineers work closely with surveyors and specialized civil engineers to design grading, drainage, <a href="Pavement_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement (material)">pavement</a>, water supply, sewer service, dams, electric and communications supply. General civil engineering is also referred to as site engineering, a branch of civil engineering that primarily focuses on converting a tract of land from one usage to another. Site engineers spend time visiting project sites, meeting with stakeholders, and preparing construction plans. Civil engineers apply the principles of geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, environmental engineering, transportation engineering and construction engineering to residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects of all sizes and levels of construction.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_engineering">Coastal engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a> and <a href="Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></div>

<p><i>Coastal engineering</i> is concerned with managing coastal areas. In some jurisdictions, the terms sea defense and coastal protection mean defense against flooding and erosion, respectively. Coastal defense is the more traditional term, but coastal management has become popular as well.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_engineering">Construction engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></div>

<p><i>Construction engineering</i> involves planning and execution, transportation of materials, and site development based on hydraulic, environmental, structural, and geotechnical engineering. As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types of civil engineering firms, construction engineers often engage in more business-like transactions, such as drafting and reviewing contracts, evaluating <a href="Logistics" title="Logistics">logistical operations</a>, and monitoring supply prices.</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquake_engineering">Earthquake engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></div>

<p><i>Earthquake engineering</i> involves designing structures to withstand hazardous earthquake exposures. Earthquake engineering is a sub-discipline of structural engineering. The main objectives of earthquake engineering are<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to understand interaction of structures on the shaky ground; foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes; and design, construct and maintain structures to <a href="Seismic_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic performance">perform</a> at earthquake in compliance with <a href="Building_code" title="Building code">building codes</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_engineering">Environmental engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></div>

<p><i>Environmental engineering</i> is the contemporary term for <a href="Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">sanitary engineering</a>, though sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by environmental engineering. Public health engineering and environmental health engineering are other terms being used.

</p><p>Environmental engineering deals with treatment of chemical, biological, or thermal wastes, purification of water and air, and <a href="Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">remediation</a> of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, <a href="Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a>, <a href="Waste_water_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste water treatment">waste water treatment</a>, air pollution, <a href="Waste_management" title="Waste management">solid waste treatment</a>, <a href="Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>, and <a href="Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste management</a>. Environmental engineers administer pollution reduction, <a href="Green_engineering" title="Green engineering">green engineering</a>, and <a href="Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">industrial ecology</a>. Environmental engineers also compile information on environmental consequences of proposed actions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forensic_engineering">Forensic engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic engineering</a></div>

<p><i>Forensic engineering</i> is the investigation of materials, <a href="Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a>, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property. The consequences of failure are dealt with by the law of product liability. The field also deals with retracing processes and procedures leading to accidents in operation of vehicles or machinery. The subject is applied most commonly in civil law cases, although it may be of use in criminal law cases. Generally the purpose of a Forensic engineering investigation is to locate cause or causes of failure with a view to improve performance or life of a component, or to assist a court in determining the facts of an accident. It can also involve investigation of intellectual property claims, especially <a href="Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geotechnical_engineering">Geotechnical engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></div>

<p><i>Geotechnical engineering</i> studies rock and soil supporting civil engineering systems. Knowledge from the field of <a href="Soil_science" title="Soil science">soil science</a>, materials science, <a href="Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a>, and <a href="Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a> is applied to safely and economically design <a href="Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">foundations</a>, <a href="Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">retaining walls</a>, and other structures. Environmental efforts to protect <a href="Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and safely maintain landfills have spawned a new area of research called geo-environmental engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Identification of soil properties presents challenges to geotechnical engineers. <a href="Boundary_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary condition">Boundary conditions</a> are often well defined in other branches of civil engineering, but unlike steel or concrete, the material properties and behavior of soil are difficult to predict due to its variability and limitation on <a href="Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">investigation</a>. Furthermore, soil exhibits nonlinear (<a href="Stress_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physics)">stress</a>-dependent) <a href="Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">strength</a>, stiffness, and dilatancy (volume change associated with application of <a href="Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear stress</a>), making studying <a href="Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">soil mechanics</a> all the more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geotechnical engineers frequently work with professional <a href="Geologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologists">geologists</a>, <a href="Geological_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological Engineering">Geological Engineering</a> professionals and soil scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_science_and_engineering">Materials science and engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></div>

<p><i>Materials science</i> is closely related to civil engineering. It studies fundamental characteristics of materials, and deals with ceramics such as concrete and mix asphalt concrete, strong metals such as aluminum and steel, and <a href="Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermosetting polymers</a> including <a href="Polymethylmethacrylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymethylmethacrylate">polymethylmethacrylate</a> (PMMA) and carbon fibers.

</p><p><i>Materials engineering</i> involves protection and prevention (paints and finishes). Alloying combines two types of metals to produce another metal with desired properties. It incorporates elements of <a href="Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">applied physics</a> and <a href="Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. With recent media attention on <a href="Nanoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoscience">nanoscience</a> and <a href="Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, materials engineering has been at the forefront of academic research. It is also an important part of forensic engineering and <a href="Failure_analysis" title="Failure analysis">failure analysis</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Site_development_and_planning">Site development and planning</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a> and <a href="Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a></div>

<p><i>Site development</i>, also known as <i>site planning</i>, is focused on the planning and development potential of a site as well as addressing possible impacts from <a href="Building_permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Building permit">permitting</a> issues and <a href="Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental challenges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-site_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-site-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_engineering">Structural engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></div>

<p><i>Structural engineering</i> is concerned with the <a href="Structural_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural design">structural design</a> and <a href="Structural_analysis" title="Structural analysis">structural analysis</a> of buildings, bridges, <a href="Tower" title="Tower">towers</a>, <a href="Overpass" title="Overpass">flyovers</a> (overpasses), tunnels, off shore structures like oil and gas fields in the sea, <a href="Aerostructure" title="Aerostructure">aerostructure</a> and other structures. This involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads, and then designing the structure to successfully support and resist those loads. The loads can be self weight of the structures, other dead load, live loads, moving (wheel) load, wind load, earthquake load, load from temperature change etc. The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfill the function they are designed for (to be <i>serviceable</i>). Due to the nature of some loading conditions, sub-disciplines within structural engineering have emerged, including <a href="Wind_engineering" title="Wind engineering">wind engineering</a> and earthquake engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Design considerations will include strength, stiffness, and stability of the structure when subjected to loads which may be static, such as furniture or self-weight, or dynamic, such as wind, seismic, crowd or vehicle loads, or transitory, such as temporary construction loads or impact. Other considerations include cost, constructibility, safety, aesthetics and <a href="Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveying">Surveying</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a> and <a href="Construction_surveying" title="Construction surveying">Construction surveying</a></div>

<p><i>Surveying</i> is the process by which a surveyor measures certain dimensions that occur on or near the surface of the Earth. Surveying equipment such as levels and theodolites are used for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances. With computerization, electronic distance measurement (EDM), total stations, GPS surveying and laser scanning have to a large extent supplanted traditional instruments. Data collected by survey measurement is converted into a graphical representation of the Earth's surface in the form of a map. This information is then used by civil engineers, contractors and realtors to design from, build on, and trade, respectively. Elements of a structure must be sized and positioned in relation to each other and to site boundaries and adjacent structures.

</p>

<p>Although surveying is a distinct profession with separate qualifications and licensing arrangements, civil engineers are trained in the basics of surveying and mapping, as well as <a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information systems</a>. Surveyors also lay out the routes of railways, <a href="Tramway_track" title="Tramway track">tramway tracks</a>, highways, roads, pipelines and streets as well as position other infrastructure, such as <a href="Harbor" title="Harbor">harbors</a>, before construction.

</p>

<dl><dt>Land surveying</dt></dl>

<p>

In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and most Commonwealth countries land surveying is considered to be a separate and distinct profession. <a href="Surveying#Cadastral_surveying" title="Surveying">Land surveyors</a> are not considered to be engineers, and have their own professional associations and licensing requirements. The services of a licensed land surveyor are generally required for boundary surveys (to establish the boundaries of a parcel using its legal description) and subdivision plans (a plot or map based on a survey of a parcel of land, with boundary lines drawn inside the larger parcel to indicate the creation of new boundary lines and roads), both of which are generally referred to as <a href="Cadastral_surveying" title="Cadastral surveying">Cadastral surveying</a>. They collect data on important geological features below and on the land.</p>

<dl><dt>Construction surveying</dt></dl>

<p>Construction surveying is generally performed by specialized technicians. Unlike land surveyors, the resulting plan does not have legal status. Construction surveyors perform the following tasks:

</p>

<ul><li>Surveying existing conditions of the future work site, including topography, existing buildings and infrastructure, and underground infrastructure when possible;</li>

<li>"lay-out" or "setting-out": placing reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings;</li>

<li>Verifying the location of structures during construction;</li>

<li>As-Built surveying: a survey conducted at the end of the construction project to verify that the work authorized was completed to the specifications set on plans.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_engineering">Transportation engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation engineering</a></div><p><i>Transportation engineering</i> is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining transportation infrastructure which includes streets, canals, highways, <a href="Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail systems</a>, airports, ports, and <a href="Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a>. It includes areas such as transportation design, <a href="Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">transportation planning</a>, <a href="Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">traffic engineering</a>, some aspects of <a href="Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">urban engineering</a>, <a href="Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queueing theory</a>, <a href="Pavement_engineering" title="Pavement engineering">pavement engineering</a>, <a href="Intelligent_Transportation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Transportation System">Intelligent Transportation System</a> (ITS), and infrastructure management.

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_or_urban_engineering">Municipal or urban engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Urban_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban engineering">Urban engineering</a></div>

<p><i>Municipal engineering</i> is concerned with municipal infrastructure. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, <a href="Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalks</a>, <a href="Municipal_water_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal water supply">water supply networks</a>, sewers, <a href="Street_light" title="Street light">street lighting</a>, <a href="Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">municipal solid waste</a> management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand, etc.), <a href="Urban_park" title="Urban park">public parks</a> and <a href="Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">cycling infrastructure</a>. In the case of underground <a href="Public_utility" title="Public utility">utility</a> networks, it may also include the civil portion (conduits and access chambers) of the local distribution networks of electrical and telecommunications services. It can also include the optimization of waste collection and <a href="Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">bus service</a> networks. Some of these disciplines overlap with other civil engineering specialties, however municipal engineering focuses on the coordination of these infrastructure networks and services, as they are often built simultaneously, and managed by the same municipal authority. Municipal engineers may also design the site civil works for large buildings, industrial plants or campuses (i.e. access roads, parking lots, potable water supply, treatment or pretreatment of waste water, site drainage, etc.)

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_resources_engineering">Water resources engineering</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic engineering</a> and <a href="Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></div>

<p><i>Water resources engineering</i> is concerned with the collection and management of water (as a <a href="Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resource</a>). As a discipline, it therefore combines elements of hydrology, environmental science, <a href="Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, <a href="Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">conservation</a>, and <a href="Resource_management" title="Resource management">resource management</a>. This area of civil engineering relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both underground (<a href="Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>) and above ground (lakes, rivers, and streams) resources. Water resource engineers analyze and model very small to very large areas of the earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows into, through, or out of a facility. However, the actual design of the facility may be left to other engineers.

</p>

<p><i>Hydraulic engineering</i> concerns the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of <a href="Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a>, <a href="Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">water supply network</a>, drainage facilities (including bridges, dams, <a href="Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a>, <a href="Culvert" title="Culvert">culverts</a>, <a href="Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>, <a href="Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">storm sewers</a>), and canals. Hydraulic engineers design these facilities using the concepts of <a href="Fluid_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid pressure">fluid pressure</a>, <a href="Fluid_statics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid statics">fluid statics</a>, <a href="Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>, and hydraulics, among others.</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_engineering_systems">Civil engineering systems</h3></div>

<p>Civil engineering systems is a discipline that promotes using <a href="Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems thinking</a> to manage complexity and change in civil engineering within its broader public context. It posits that the proper development of civil engineering <a href="Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> requires a <a href="Holism" title="Holism">holistic</a>, coherent understanding of the relationships between all of the crucial factors that contribute to successful projects while at the same time emphasizing the importance of attention to technical detail. Its purpose is to help integrate the entire civil engineering <a href="Project_management" title="Project management">project life cycle</a> from conception, through planning, designing, making, operating to decommissioning.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Geological_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological Engineering">Geological Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomatics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Glossary of civil engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_civil_engineering_articles" title="Index of civil engineering articles">Index of civil engineering articles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_civil_engineers" title="List of civil engineers">List of civil engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks" title="List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks">List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro-engineering" title="Macro-engineering">Macro-engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_survey" title="Site survey">Site survey</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associations">Associations</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Society_for_Civil_Engineering" title="Canadian Society for Civil Engineering">Canadian Society for Civil Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_for_the_Regulation_of_Engineering_in_Nigeria" title="Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria">Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_Engineering_Research_Institute" title="Earthquake Engineering Research Institute">Earthquake Engineering Research Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineers_Australia" title="Engineers Australia">Engineers Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Federation_of_National_Engineering_Associations" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation of National Engineering Associations">European Federation of National Engineering Associations</a></li>

<li><a href="FIDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDIC">International Federation of Consulting Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Geotechnical_Society" title="Indian Geotechnical Society">Indian Geotechnical Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="Institution_of_Structural_Engineers" title="Institution of Structural Engineers">Institution of Structural Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Engineering" title="Institute of Engineering">Institute of Engineering</a> (Nepal)</li>

<li><a href="International_Society_of_Soil_Mechanics_and_Geotechnical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering">International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Institution_of_Engineers%2C_Bangladesh" title="Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh">Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Institution_of_Engineers_(India)" title="Institution of Engineers (India)">Institution of Engineers (India)</a></li>

<li><a href="Institution_of_Engineers_of_Ireland" title="Institution of Engineers of Ireland">Institution of Engineers of Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Transportation_Engineers" title="Institute of Transportation Engineers">Institute of Transportation Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="Japan_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Japan Society of Civil Engineers">Japan Society of Civil Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="Pakistan_Engineering_Council" title="Pakistan Engineering Council">Pakistan Engineering Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_Institute_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers">Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_Research_Board" title="Transportation Research Board">Transportation Research Board</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216235716/http://live.asce.org/hh/index.mxml?versionChecked=true">"History and Heritage of Civil Engineering"</a>. <a href="American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://live.asce.org/hh/index.mxml?versionChecked=true">the original</a> on 16 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ice.org.uk/careers-and-professional-development/what-is-civil-engineering">"What is Civil Engineering"</a>. <a href="Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a>. 14 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CSCE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSCE_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSCE_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812030647/http://whatiscivilengineering.csce.ca/civil1.htm">"What is Civil Engineering?"</a>. <a href="Canadian_Society_for_Civil_Engineering" title="Canadian Society for Civil Engineering">Canadian Society for Civil Engineering</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatiscivilengineering.csce.ca/civil1.htm">the original</a> on 12 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-eb-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britannica.com/eb/article-9105844/civil-engineering">"Civil engineering"</a>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sector-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sector_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineeringmanagementinstitute.org/tcep-119-public-sector-versus-private-sector">"Working in the Public Sector Versus Private Sector for Civil Engineering Professionals"</a>. <i>The Civil Engineering Podcast</i>. Engineering Management Institute. 5 June 2019.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-baveystock-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baveystock_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBaveystock2013" class="citation news cs1">Baveystock, Nick (8 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/careers/what-does-civil-engineer-do">"So what does a civil engineer do, exactly?"</a>. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Saouma-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saouma_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSaouma" class="citation web cs1">Saouma, Victor E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110419190641/http://ceae.colorado.edu/~saouma/Lecture-Notes/se.pdf">"Lecture Notes in Structural Engineering"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Colorado. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceae.colorado.edu/~saouma/Lecture-Notes/se.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFColebrook1817" class="citation book cs1">Colebrook, Henry Thomas (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/algebrawitharith00brahuoft"><i>Algebra: with Arithmetic and mensuration</i></a>. London.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1986" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Peter (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQYeHMGp2gwC&q=The+Architecture+of+the+Italian+Renaissance"><i>The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8052-1082-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMays2010" class="citation book cs1">Mays, L. (2010). <i>Ancient Water Technologies</i>. Springer. p. 4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-481-8631-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Oakes-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oakes_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakes_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOakesLeoneGunn2001" class="citation book cs1">Oakes, William C.; Leone, Les L.; Gunn, Craig J. (2001). <i>Engineering Your Future</i>. Great Lakes Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-881018-57-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDirección_General_de_Obras_Públicas_Spain1856" class="citation book cs1">Dirección General de Obras Públicas Spain (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwxQCOlssjcC&pg=PA20"><i>Memoria sobre el estado de las obras públicas en España en 1856 presentada al excmo. sr. Ministro de Fomento por la Dirección General de Obras Públicas</i></a>. Madrid: National Press.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ice.org.uk/about-ice/our-history">"Our history"</a>. Institution of Civil Engineers. 2 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ICE-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICE_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ice.org.uk">"Institution of Civil Engineers' website"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706104111/http://www.norwich.edu/about/legacy.html">"Norwich University Legacy Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norwich.edu/about/legacy.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griggs, Francis E Jr. "Amos Eaton was Right!". <i>Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice</i>, Vol. 123, No. 1, January 1997, pp. 30–34.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702223338/http://www.lib.rpi.edu/Archives/timeline/all_time/index.html">"RPI Timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.rpi.edu/Archives/timeline/all_time/index.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EB-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9124919/Nora-Stanton-Blatch-Barney">"Nora Stanton Blatch Barney"</a>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CITE_Postgrad-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CITE_Postgrad_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">,<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081106121950/http://www.uel.ac.uk/cite/programmes/postgraduate/index.htm">"Cite Postgrad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uel.ac.uk/cite/programmes/postgraduate/index.htm">the original</a> on 6 November 2008.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050604085233/http://www.nspe.org/lc1-why.asp">"Why Should You Get Licensed?"</a>. <i>National Society of Professional Engineers</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nspe.org/lc1-why.asp">the original</a> on 4 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005184956/http://www.canlii.org/qc/laws/sta/i-9/20050616/whole.html">"Engineers Act"</a>. <i>Quebec Statutes and Regulations (CanLII)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canlii.org/qc/laws/sta/i-9/20050616/whole.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202155943/http://www.onlineethics.org/CMS/profpractice/ethcodes.aspx">"Ethics Codes and Guidelines"</a>. <i>Online Ethics Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlineethics.org/CMS/profpractice/ethcodes.aspx">the original</a> on 2 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nce.co.uk/singapores-circle-line-criminal-trial-started/530302.article">"Singapore's Circle Line criminal trial started"</a>. <i>New Civil Engineer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChenScawthorn2003" class="citation cs2">Chen, W-F; Scawthorn, C. (2003), "Chapter 2", <i>Earthquake Engineering Handbook</i>, CRC Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8493-0068-1</bdi></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mitchell-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1993" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, James Kenneth (1993). <i>Fundamentals of Soil Behavior</i> (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShroffShah2003" class="citation book cs1">Shroff, Arvind V.; Shah, Dhananjay L. (2003). <i>Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ausimm.com.au/content/docs/careers_booklet_geotgeoleng.pdf">"Geotechnical/Geological Engineering"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Professional Careers in the Mineral Industry</i>. The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720101333/http://www2.ausimm.com.au/content/docs/careers_booklet_geotgeoleng.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-site-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-site_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobis-group.com/markets/site-development/#:~:text=Site%20Development%20and%20Planning%2C%20Site%20Civil%20Engineering%2C%20Land,make%20the%20most%20out%20of%20your%20unique%20site.">"Site Development and Planning"</a>. <i>Nobis Group</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNarayananBeeby2003" class="citation book cs1">Narayanan, R; Beeby, A (2003). <i>Introduction to Design for Civil Engineers</i>. London: Spon.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLabi2014" class="citation book cs1">Labi, Samuel (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Introduction+to+Civil+Engineering+Systems%3A+A+Systems+Perspective+to+the+Development+of+Civil+Engineering+Facilities-p-9780470530634"><i>Introduction to Civil Engineering Systems: A Systems Perspective to the Development of Civil Engineering Facilities</i></a>. John Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-53063-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlockleyGodfrey2017" class="citation book cs1">Blockley, David; Godfrey, Patrick (2017). <i>Doing it Differently: Systems for Rethinking Infrastructure</i> (2nd ed.). London: ICE Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7277-6082-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBlockley2014" class="citation book cs1">Blockley, David (2014). <i>Structural Engineering: a very short introduction</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-967193-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChenLiew2002" class="citation book cs1">Chen, W.F.; Liew, J.Y. Richard, eds. (2002). <i>The Civil Engineering Handbook</i>. CRC Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8493-0958-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMuir_Wood2012" class="citation book cs1">Muir Wood, David (2012). <i>Civil Engineering: a very short introduction</i>. New York: <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-957863-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRickettsLoftinMerritt2004" class="citation book cs1">Ricketts, Jonathan T.; Loftin, M. Kent; Merritt, Frederick S., eds. (2004). <i>Standard handbook for civil engineers</i> (5 ed.). McGraw Hill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-07-136473-7</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Civil_engineering" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ice.org.uk/">The Institution of Civil Engineers</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cesdb.com/">Civil Engineering Software Database</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ices.org.uk">The Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/find-by-topic/#cat=engineering&subcat=civilengineering">Civil engineering classes, from MIT OpenCourseWare</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Engineering683" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Engineering683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_engineering" title="Outline of engineering">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties<br>and<br><a href="Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geological_engineering" title="Geological engineering">Geological</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">Municipal/urban</a></li>

<li><a href="Offshore_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore engineering">Offshore</a></li>

<li><a href="River_engineering" title="River engineering">River</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic</a></li>

<li><a href="Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustic</a></li>

<li><a href="Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomechanical_engineering" title="Biomechanical engineering">Biomechanical</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_engineering" title="Energy engineering">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">Marine</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_engineering" title="Sports engineering">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_computer_engineering" title="Outline of computer engineering">outline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">Microwaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio-frequency</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical/bioprocess</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">Bioresource</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramics</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymers</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductors</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surfaces</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_engineering_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Systems engineering (disambiguation)">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network_engineering" title="Computer network engineering">Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Master's_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Licensed engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Engineer" title="Engineer">Engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Engineering

<li><a href="Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical engineering">Clinical</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">Pharmaceutical</a></li>

<li><a href="Rehabilitation_engineering" title="Rehabilitation engineering">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services</a>

<li><a href="Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosives</a></li>

<li><a href="Facilities_engineering" title="Facilities engineering">Facilities</a></li>

<li><a href="Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate engineering">Climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomatics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">Information</a></li>

<li><a href="Instrumentation_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentation engineering">Instrumentation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Instrumentation_and_control_engineering" title="Instrumentation and control engineering">Instrumentation and control</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Logistics_engineering" title="Logistics engineering">Logistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_mathematics" title="Engineering mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Survey_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey engineering">Survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Textile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile engineering">Textile</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Engineering">Commons</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> Wikiproject</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AEngineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering45" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Glossaries of <a href="Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_agriculture" title="Glossary of agriculture">Agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_architecture" title="Glossary of architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botany</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_calculus" title="Glossary of calculus">Calculus</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_cell_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of cell biology">Cell biology</a></li>

<li>Cellular and molecular biology

<li><a href="Glossary_of_chemistry_terms" title="Glossary of chemistry terms">Chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_clinical_research" title="Glossary of clinical research">Clinical research</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms" title="Glossary of computer hardware terms">Computer hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_developmental_biology" title="Glossary of developmental biology">Developmental and reproductive biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_ecology" title="Glossary of ecology">Ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li>

<li>Engineering

<li><a href="Glossary_of_entomology_terms" title="Glossary of entomology terms">Entomology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_environmental_science" title="Glossary of environmental science">Environmental science</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_genetics_and_evolutionary_biology" title="Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology">Genetics and evolutionary biology</a></li>

<li>Geography

<li><a href="Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms" title="Glossary of Arabic toponyms">Arabic toponyms</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms" title="Glossary of Hebrew toponyms">Hebrew toponyms</a></li>

<li><a href="Oikonyms_in_Western_and_South_Asia" title="Oikonyms in Western and South Asia">Western and South Asia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_geology" title="Glossary of geology">Geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_machine_vision" title="Glossary of machine vision">Machine vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics" title="Glossary of areas of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_mycology" title="Glossary of mycology">Mycology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_nanotechnology" title="Glossary of nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Ornithology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_physics" title="Glossary of physics">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics" title="Glossary of probability and statistics">Probability and statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_psychiatry" title="Glossary of psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_quantum_computing" title="Glossary of quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_scientific_naming" title="Glossary of scientific naming">Scientific naming</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_virology" title="Glossary of virology">Virology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Construction395" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Construction395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrialization_of_construction" title="Industrialization of construction">Industrialization</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_infrastructure" title="History of infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_world's_tallest_buildings" title="History of the world's tallest buildings">World's tallest buildings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers<br>(<a href="List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li>

<li><a href="Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenter</a></li>

<li><a href="Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li>

<li><a href="Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li>

<li><a href="Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li>

<li><a href="Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li>

<li><a href="Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li>

<li><a href="Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li>

<li><a href="American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li>

<li><a href="Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li>

<li><a href="Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li>

<li><a href="Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li>

<li><a href="Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li>

<li><a href="Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li>

<li><a href="The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li>

<li><a href="Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li>

<li><a href="FIDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li>

<li><a href="Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li>

<li><a href="National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li>

<li><a href="National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li>

<li><a href="National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li>

<li><a href="National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li>

<li><a href="National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li>

<li><a href="Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li>

<li><a href="Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li>

<li><a href="Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_Taiwan" title="Construction industry of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a>

<li><a href="Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Builder's_signature" title="Builder's signature">Builder's signature</a></li>

<li><a href="Builders'_rites" title="Builders' rites">Builders' rites</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornerstone" title="Cornerstone">Cornerstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Floor_loan" title="Floor loan">Floor loan</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li>

<li><a href="Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li>

<li><a href="Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li>

<li><a href="Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_construction" title="Illegal construction">Illegal construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a></li>

<li><a href="Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li>

<li><a href="Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a>

<ul><li><a href="Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Parge_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li>

<li><a href="Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a>

<ul><li><a href="Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-estate_bubble" title="Real-estate bubble">Real-estate bubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Topping_out" title="Topping out">Topping out</a></li>

<li><a href="Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_construction" title="Outline of construction">Outline</a>

<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1422" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1422" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004955-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85026331">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936922q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936922q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561514">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="stavitelství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126091&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX525590">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283808505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638585">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/db9e76fe-7654-44e5-95fb-2e019d7fcefd">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Civil_engineering&oldid=1304607531">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>